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(Western) (Eastern) |date = (Western) (Eastern) |date = (Western) (Eastern) |date = (Western) (Eastern) |observances = Mass; distribution of Maundy money |type = Christian / Civic |significance = commemorates the Maundy and Last Supper of Jesus Christ |relatedto = Holy Week |frequency = annual |duration = 1 day }} Maundy Thursday (also known as Holy Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Great and Holy Thursday, Sheer Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries) is the Christian holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter. It commemorates the Maundy and Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles as described in the Canonical gospels. It is the fifth day of Holy Week, and is preceded by Holy Wednesday and followed by Good Friday. The date is always between 19 March and 22 April inclusive, but these dates fall on different days depending on whether the Gregorian or Julian calendar is used liturgically. Eastern churches generally use the Julian calendar, and so celebrate this feast throughout the 21st century between 1 April and 5 May in the more commonly used Gregorian calendar. The liturgy held on the evening of Maundy Thursday initiates the Easter Triduum, the period which commemorates the passion, death, and resurrection of Christ; this period includes Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and ends on the evening of Easter.〔 The Mass or service of worship is normally celebrated in the evening, when Friday begins according to Jewish tradition, as, according to the three Synoptic Gospels, the Last Supper was held on the feast of Passover; according to the Gospel of John, however, Jesus has his last supper on Nisan 14, the night before the first night of Passover. ==Names in English== Use of the names "Maundy Thursday", "Holy Thursday", and the others is not evenly distributed. What is considered the normal name for the day varies according to geographical area and religious allegiance. Thus, although in England "Maundy Thursday" is the normal term, the term is rarely used in Ireland, Scotland or Canada. People may use one term in a religious context and another in the context of the civil calendar of the country in which they live. The Church of England's Book of Common Prayer uses the name "Maundy Thursday", and in its Table of the Vigils, Fasts and Days of Abstinence to be observed in the year treats "Holy Thursday" as an alternative name for Ascension Day.〔(Church of England, "A Table of the Vigils, Fasts and Days of Abstinence to be observed in the year" )〕 On the other hand, the corresponding publication of the Episcopal Church (United States), while agreeing with the naming of the Thursday before Easter as "Maundy Thursday", makes no use of the term "Holy Thursday" in any sense.〔("The Calendar of the Church Year", p. 17 ).〕 An 1801 publication describes the use of "Holy Thursday" for Ascension Day, instead of its previous application to Thursday in Holy Week, as an unexplained innovation.〔(John Stephens, ''A critical and practical elucidation of the Book of common prayer, and administration of the sacraments, and other rites and ceremonies of the Church'', 1801, p. 102 )〕 Two centuries later, what in 1801 was described as "modern" was considered "dated", though still existent in the Anglican Church,〔(Oxford Dictionaries, "Holy Thursday" )〕 and "Holy Thursday" was commonly used by Anglicans to mean the day that is also called Maundy Thursday.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Anglicans Prepare for Easter )〕 The Catholic Church, even in countries where "Maundy Thursday" is the name in civil legislation, uses the name "Holy Thursday" in its official English-language liturgical books.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 General Instruction of the Roman Missal, with adaptations for England and Wales )〕 An article in the 1911 ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' used the term "Maundy Thursday", and some Catholic writers use the same term either primarily, or alternatively. The United Methodist Church uses the name "Holy Thursday" in its ''UM Book of Worship'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】 United Methodist Book of Worship: Scripture Readings listed according to the Books of the Bible )〕 but in other official sources it uses both "Maundy Thursday"〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Holy Week Service for Midweek, Maundy Thursday, or Good Friday )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Maundy Thursday )〕 and "Holy Thursday".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Preaching Helps for Holy Thursday, Year B (April 17, 2003) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Worship Planning Helps for Holy Thursday (April 8, 2004) )〕 Both names are used by other Christian denominations as well, including the Lutheran Church〔(【引用サイトリンク】title = What is Holy Thursday? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】Maundy Thursday )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】Counting. A little history of how '40 Days of Lent' came to be )〕 or portions of the Reformed Church.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Maundy Thursday )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Calendar 2009 Year of the Reformer John Calvin )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Calendar )〕 The Presbyterian Church uses the term "Maundy Thursday" to refer to the holy day in its official sources.〔 In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the name for the holy day is, in the Byzantine Rite, "Great and Holy Thursday"〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Great and Holy Thursday )〕 or "Holy Thursday",〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Great Lent: Theology, Homilies, Services, Resources )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Historical Development of Holy Week Services In the Orthodox/Byzantine Rite )〕 and in Western Rite Orthodoxy "Maundy Thursday",〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Saint Mark's Church: An Antiochian Orthodox Parish in the Western Rite Tradition )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury: Western Rite Orthodox Outreach to Southern Ontario )〕 "Holy Thursday"〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Orthodox Liturgical Index )〕 or both.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Lent )〕 The Coptic Orthodox Church uses both the terms "Maundy Thursday" and "Covenant Thursday" for the holy day.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 G Maundy (Covenant) Thursday )〕 In the Maronite Church〔(Liturgical Notes: Thursday of Mysteries ) 〕 and the Syriac Orthodox Church, the name is "Thursday of Mysteries". "Maundy Thursday" is the official name in the civil legislation of England〔(【引用サイトリンク】The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 )〕 and the Philippines.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Republic Act No. 9492 )〕 The day has also been known in English as ''Shere Thursday'' (also spelled ''Sheer Thursday''), from the word ''shere'' (meaning "clean" or "bright"). This name might refer to the act of cleaning, or to the fact that churches would switch liturgical colors from the dark tones of Lent, or because it was customary to shear the beard on that day, or for a combination of reasons.〔"The old English name for Maundy Thursday was 'Sheer Thursday', when the penitents obtained absolution, trimmed their hair and beards, and washed in preparation for Easter" ((Hungarian Saints )).〕 This name is a cognate to the word still used throughout Scandinavia, such as Swedish "Skärtorsdag", Danish "Skærtorsdag", Norwegian "Skjærtorsdag", Faroese "Skírhósdagur" and "Skírisdagur" and Icelandic "Skírdagur". ''Skär'' in Swedish is also an archaic word for ''wash''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maundy Thursday」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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